Staircases: what are they and what are they?

A beautiful house is above all properly designed parts. Comfort and comfort should be present in every corner of the space, which is why it is worthwhile to approach the creation of the interior thoroughly, thinking through every little thing.

The staircase should not only meet the requirements of building codes in such a house, but also be attractive. That is why kosouram pays special attention to its design.

Not everyone knows what a kosour is, since they do not assume that the staircase is a special structure consisting of several elements. Disruption of interaction between them leads to a decrease in the level of security.

Props play an important role in the organization of spans between the first and second floors. That they are called kosourami.The element is presented in the form of stair beams located on each march, to which the steps are attached. When viewed from the side of the entire structure, you can see their end.

An element must, according to the norms, withstand the weight of a person and even objects raised to the second floor, there can be no question of any vibrations. If during the ascent one feels that the kosour is trembling or swaying, it means that during its construction a gross mistake was made.

The bowstring looks very similar to a stringer, but the main difference is the method of installation. The tread is formed from the inside, and such a connection is a tie on which the structure is supported. Combs are not cut, as in the kosoure, and are selected, that is, milled.

Differ from kosoura bowstring sizes. The form depends on the type of future stages and the degree of load. These factors cannot be ignored, since they play an important role. According to building codes, weight up to 250 kilograms per ladder.

Playing the role of support for the stairs, the bridges overlap the gaps and the construction step. The elements are arranged in parallel or at the corresponding points; they are also called nests. If we consider the classification from the constructive side, they can be:

• straight;
• broken;
• screw.

Screw always have a spiral shape, the binding is carried out on the central axis, which often serves as a pillar. If the gain is good, that support axis is conditional.

The site is the space between the flight of stairs, which is a horizontal surface through which a distinction is made between the first and second half of the structure. It is necessary, because at the expense of it the second flight of stairs can reach the point specified in the drawing, while maintaining not only the angle of inclination, but also the proportions. Often the base is on two beams or is rigidly attached to the vertical.

Monokosour stands on one beam.It is permissible to install it to the center or ends of the treads, but in this case it is necessary to additionally fasten the element to the wall. Special requirements for the beam, which must be durable, so it is better to use a steel pipe. To build such a ladder is possible only with the permission of the construction supervision.

The kosouri can be divided into two large groups: stepped and filly. The latter are a triangular element attached to the beam. On them installation of a tread is made. The design is considered difficult in execution, but the most reliable.

Wooden kosouri have their own classification:

• straight;
• comb;
• rounded.

Straight lines are used in the construction of such marches, when erecting overhead steps, a comb is used, while rounded ones are ideally suited for stairs of the same shape.

There are several materials that can be used to create kosour without violating the construction technology.

Koseurny ladders can be made of wood, which makes them a better bowstring, since the weight is significantly reduced. This may be a log, timber or board.With a small staircase, the option is advantageous. In addition to wood, it is necessary to distinguish several types of materials.

• profiled tube;
• metal profile;
• I-beam

• plastic, which is composed of wood fiber;
• metal plastic.

• wood-metal;
• metal polymer.

Low cost and reliability have made metal and wood the most popular in the organization of stairs. Combined models are necessary in the formation of a complex structure, when the project cannot be called standard, and its external attractiveness does not overlap the security requirements. Steel structures are in high demand due to their durability and reliability.

Massive structures of reinforced concrete are formed during the finishing work. They have great weight, so the basis for them must be calculated at the stage of project creation. Subsequently, it will be placed parallel to how the foundation is laid.

Before the construction of the stairs, it is necessary to calculate the basic values ​​and only then create a project. Be sure to know:

• ladder height;
• width and height of the openings;
• length, how much is a projection on the floor;
• risers height;
• the depth that treads have;
• total number of steps.

The projection is defined as the dimensions of the allotted space for the stair construction. There are no specific requirements for the depth, this value is usually arbitrary and is selected on the basis of personal preferences, as long as it is convenient for the user. Most often it is 25-30 cm.

It is worth paying special attention to the height of the steps, which should not be more than 22 cm. The smaller this figure, the less effort must be applied to climb to the second floor. The total number of steps in the design of the stairs is determined by taking into account the length of the kosour and the height of the riser.

If the height of the stairs is 250 cm, the length is 400 cm, and the depth of the tread is 28 cm, then the number of steps can be found by dividing the length of the structure by the depth. In this case, it turns out 14 pieces.

The height of the approach is dividing the height by the number of steps obtained.

Determine the length of the supporting structure can be by the Pythagorean theorem, that is, to the square of the length we add the square of height and get the size of the kosour in length.

The reliability of the kosour depends largely on the correctly selected beams when it comes to wood. Only solid hardwood will provide the necessary strength. Billets must sand. Perfect fit:

• oak;
• beech;
• maple.

Step kosour is established quickly and simply, it is enough to make cuts in the form of a triangle. As a result, there is a staircase projection.

The leg of the cut triangle will be defined as the height of the riser and the depth of the tread. The ruler in the form of this geometric shape is necessary for marking the beam. According to the established marks, excess places are cut off by a circular saw.

Wooden kosour is used in most cases from the sides. The only drawback is the cut, because it reduces the thickness of the carrier beam, which adversely affects the strength of the frame as a whole.

Straight / broken kosour should have a slope of 30-45 degrees, the height of the steps is from 15 to 24 cm, and treads, that is, indents from the support element on the base - 25-32 cm.

The number of beams in the support structure is not always the same. It is influenced by the width of the steps. If the indicator is up to 1.2 meters, then one gain is sufficient, if it is higher, but up to 1.5 m, then the staircase should be on a double base. Triple is necessary with a foot width of more than 1.5 meters.

In accordance with building codes, when the staircase is a bulky structure, even with narrow steps, additional reinforcement will be needed. Additional fixation to the wall and ceiling is taken into account, especially in the places of fractures.

The area of ​​contact of the elements on the sides and the height of the rise in the calculation of screw kosour as basic values ​​are attached to the angle of the stage. The reference length is inseparable from the diameter of rotation of the structure.Mark up strictly in the horizontal plane from the points located in the center and only in the middle line.

Supporting stair beams are produced in a wide variety. A constructive solution can be made with your own hands or see what the experts offer. As an option, you can cut zabezhnye steps. As a result, the chosen option depends on personal preference and capabilities.

Before making a final decision, it is important to determine whether the staircase fits in the opening provided for it, only then you can begin the installation. To do this, you must draw the line of the second floor on the already calculated value of the flight of stairs. At this very moment it becomes clear that the selected type of ladder cannot be installed, it is necessary to resort to changes in the project.

At the time of operation of the structure, you can easily get a head injury if the proper distance to the floor of the second floor is not ensured. In full growth, a person reaches his level already standing on the third step. The distance from the head to the ceiling of the 2nd floor should not be less than 20 centimeters.

Options for the use of metal beams suggest different types of fastening. If it is a collapsible design, then a “glass” is used when a pipe is welded to the kosour, and the supporting element having an axis equal to the internal diameter of the pipe is attached to the step.

High-quality fixation is provided using bolts. This will allow you to set the required turn for the step and its height. Unfortunately, the method has one significant disadvantage - rapid wear during operation. In this case, a rigid fixation wins in durability.

Fastening is permissible to produce in the groove. If this is a non-separable design, then greater stability is achieved due to the fact that the joints are adjusted to a 45 degree angle. Between the elements are connected by welding.

The best option for the manufacture of wooden stairs is a 2 or 3 supporting structure. On the board or bar is the markup, which is subsequently done pruning.

To exactly match the grooves, you can attach to each other blanks, then modify the shortcomings along the entire length. There is another option for leveling the support.To do this, prepare the overhead elements, which, after marking, are installed on the beam and check the conformity to this type of assembly.

Decking is the basis of this type of ladder. It must be made waterproof, so that the concrete mix remains inside the created wooden frame, and does not flow out of it. Inside fittings are tied together in a grid, and only concrete is poured onto it.

To avoid voids, it is worth ramming cement. To do this, use a special tool, or do all the work manually. Only after full hardening can you start decorating. Stacked steps are made in accordance with GOST.

The staircase is obliged to fit into the created interior in the house, since it sometimes acts as a separate element, taking all the attention to itself. Making steps, railings is sometimes more expensive than creating the structure as a whole.

• As a main example, we can recall the classics with numerous decorative elements. These are always complex design projects, especially when it comes to wood.Carving and curly elements perfectly fit into almost any interior, they often themselves are the main decoration.
• For those who prefer comfort and simplicity, it is worth thinking about the country style in which the stairs can be made. Steps can be made from ceramics or natural stone, artificial aging is very good. As the main decoration, use floral motifs and household items.

• If you like modern minimalism in design, then high-tech style is what you were looking for. It is dominated by a lot of glass, metal and the most simple forms, clear straight lines. Screw and marching stair designs look great in this design. Glass can be used in railings, steps or design elements.

The choice of material must be started even before the construction works are carried out. It is necessary to take into account the features, individual characteristics, purpose of the stairs and the age of residents. Where there are children, special safety requirements are imposed on the structure.

Today there is no limit to human fantasy, it is enough just to understand what exactly you want to see at the end.The unusual form attracts more and more, sophistication does not lose popularity, but business style is gaining more attention.

The advantage of the ladder on the kosour is that it is perfectly visible. In addition to the functional component, such an element has become increasingly bear the decorative load in the overall interior. It became popular to fix each step on a separate element, which is located on the support beam. In this case, if you put two kosoura, you can do without risers. Fastening of a wooden step happens by means of self-tapping screws, absolutely imperceptibly and very reliably. If a defect appears over time, the replacement requires only one structural element, the restoration becomes less expensive.

The cost of such a ladder is slightly different from a wooden one, but you can achieve hanging strength. Thin boards can be used, because the steps do not bear the loadand therefore perfectly maintain the required weight.

To learn how to build a staircase for a kosoura terrace, see the video below.