Sewers: Varieties, Characteristics and Tips for Choosing

Each area of ​​activity, even seemingly simple, harbors a lot of unknown to the uninitiated. This fully applies to the work of sewage. This is far from “just a pipe that goes down and under the earth,” other components are necessarily used. On one of them - the sewer ladder, we will discuss in this article.

The first regular association with the word ladder is, of course, fast-moving airplanes and the snow-white lines of the handsome ships. The same name has one of the components of the sewage drain. Without this part it is impossible to ensure the normal maintenance of drains. Then no visual beauty of the bathroom, furniture and plumbing installed in it will please.

The main functions of this sanitary unit are related to:

• fluid drainage;
• filtration of large impurities;
• blockade of bad smell.

Any drain for sewage in both domestic and industrial versions may vary in:

• installation type;
• own geometric shape;
• hole diameter;
• the material used;
• view of the main operating device (shutter).

All these details must be taken into account immediately upon purchase. At the time of installation itself, the error will not be fixed. Moreover, dismantling is significantly more difficult than the original installation. We'll have to totally disassemble the coating and remove the screed. Usually shower cabins are equipped with ladders of medium size and increased power.

Drain complexes using traps are needed for manufacturing plants, chemical and biological laboratories. They are used in public pools, child care facilities, student and organizational dormitories, and so on. As practice shows, showers when using the ladder is much more economical than a classic cell. The size of such a cabin is selected individually, taking into account every need and available space. The main part of the product is the water receiving funnel.

It acts as an external circuit, drains and drains water. The flange unit must ensure the tightness of the retaining membrane water retention. The siphon unit together with the removable lattice structure is embedded inside. It prevents large-scale clogging. Hydraulic valves prevent the smell of gases from spreading around buildings. There are constructions equipped with mechanical (working without liquid) vestibules.

The bottom of the case is occupied by the outlet and coupling. With the help of it you can connect the device to the sewer pipe. Additionally, the composition of the sewer ladder includes clamping and sealing parts. It is very important that the device is completely sealed, this parameter should be assessed before purchase. It is required to use pipes and connecting sleeves of the same diameter only.

Mandatory requirements in residential areas are:

• odor protection;
• adjustment of depth of ladders under the floor level;
• second performance from 1.2 liters;
• sealing elements;
• section for vertical drain 11 cm, 5 cm horizontally is enough

Gratings are supposed to be brought to the same level as the flooring. It is not allowed to prepare tiled joints of more than 2 mm, it is obligatory to grind moisture resistant material. The discharge pipes are set at a slope of about 0.1% relative to the length. The screed must be removed when mounting the drain funnels. Even less significant is the sealing of each joint and joint, waterproofing and heat insulation.

The thermal barrier is mounted on a circle of sanitary drains. Stretching is created with continuous tracking of pipe slope. When the installation is finished, the wet concrete is leveled and tiles are laid on it. Since the floor thanks to the ladder is flush with the surface of other rooms. Despite the complexity, to perform such work will be able to almost all without the involvement of additional assistants.

In order for the water flows to move in the direction of the ladder, it is necessary to ensure the inclination of the floor in the right direction from 150 mm at least. At the bottom lay polystyrene, a layer of which takes 40-50 mm. Thanks to this material, noise retention and heat loss are guaranteed. Then a rough screed is made, for which another 4–5 cm of concrete is used. Above it is an impermeable membranewhich is made of a filler waterproofing material.

Next, a slope-forming screed is placed. Ceramic tiles are laid over it. The optimum level of waterproofing is ensured only when facing walls after laying, and not vice versa. The grid must be deeper than tile. Before attaching all parts, it is necessary to calculate the thickness of any layer of the floor.

Installation should be done taking into account the slope of the floors in the room. The horizontal type of ladder differs in easy installation in comparison with vertical execution. The difference is especially great when the wastewater does not go straight, but to the side. Simplicity is ensured even when working in a high-rise building. But the complication of mounting vertical discharge devices is justified by the increased throughput.

To clarify the main differences between the vertical and horizontal connections can be on specific examples. So, if a pipe with a cross section inside 10 cm is led out through the foundation, its depth should be 1 m. As it moves in the room, it should be raised higher, and 1 m rise is 2 cm.The ladder, which is important, is connected to pipe No. 50, its recommended slope is 3.5 cm per 1 running. m. As a result, sometimes there is too little space at the point of connection of the gangway, because the outlet pipe needs to be covered with a corner.

And therefore for vertically connected ladders 250-300 mm of reserve in depth are required. Technically, to provide this reserve is not a problem. It will be easiest for those who are building a new home or other structure from scratch. But there are not always the necessary conditions. When it is possible to place no more than 70-100 mm of free space for mounting the ladder, a horizontal variant is preferable, basically it is made of steel or of plastic.

The hydraulic valve or siphon is installed in almost all cases. But if the idle time lasts more than 30 days, the evaporation of water leads to the inefficiency of the device. Because there are dry closures that equally well block bad odors in the presence of water, and in its absence. Membrane format means the isolation of air by means of a retained spring membrane. As soon as a liquid begins to flow from above, its pressure moves the spring and the membrane down.

Immediately upon leaving the water, the design returns to its original position. But there are other options for dry closures that cope with the task just as good as the membrane circuit. So, the float device is designed in advance with overdrying compensation. In the presence of a fluid, it stably blocks the movement of air. The float moves along the surface, but after a decisive evaporation of water, it moves down and closes the opening.

In the pendulum version, the plate closes the passage without using a spring. Its own gravity is used. The advantage of this equipment is the minimum price. However, simplicity does not mean high reliability. Moreover, the clogging of the shaft, which drives the pendulum, is likely.

The most expensive traps are those that use the effect of the molecular memory of substances. The bottom line is that the pipes return to their original position after draining the water. They reliably block access of air from sewer system. When choosing both dry and wet, or a combined ladder, people have the opportunity to prefer designs made from different materials.Here, too, there are some nuances.

The rain channel on the street is almost invariably made not from stainless steel, but from cast iron, plastic structures are even less often used. The steel element is preferred in places with severe hygienic requirements, such as a medical facility, a cafe or a canteen. The grate in such cases should also be made of steel. The pig-iron block is used in industrial facilities. It is invariably heavy and very difficult to mount.

At the same time, the advantage of such a thing is simplicity of maintenance, increased throughput and protection from wear. Most cast iron ladders are equipped with a hydraulic shutter. Plastic products are considered moderately protected from damaging influences and are inexpensive. Another important advantage is ease and long-term use. There is no need to provide any sophisticated moments during operation.

There are products that combine plastic and stainless steel. But nevertheless the majority of experts advises highly specialized designs. They look visually much better.It is recommended that in this case both the covers and the gratings would be made of steel. Regardless of the material used, the installation should be guided by the instructions.

The main importance is the form of the shutter. When a drain is placed in a house that consumes a large amount of water, a hydraulic valve is best suited. But the dry type of element is suitable for homes with low consumption. Mechanical execution is allowed only in non-residential buildings. Another actual parameter is the size of the pipe and how it is directed.

Horizontally arranged shower cubicle should be equipped with straight or oblique plumbing. But if the placement is vertical, the tap goes strictly down. In non-residential buildings, it is best to use shower drains with a 5 cm diameter outlet. The recommended throughput is 700 g per second. This amount is enough for reliable sewage.

In large buildings, which are visited by many people, the diameter of the opening is 10 cm. The capacity is in such cases 2.1 liters per second. It is advisable to use a steel structure.The most advanced systems necessarily have a siphon, which most effectively holds back bad flavors. The grille (both removable and non-removable) should be between 7.5 and 18 cm high.

The type of material used in the design of the ladder is not very relevant. But most people prefer to use plastic constructions. Where corrosion is high and long service life is required in harsh conditions, steel is preferred. In apartments and houses only occasionally mount cast iron products, as they are unnecessarily bulky.

In some private homes, the use of brass effluent is practiced, because they are externally elegant and resistant to corrosion. But the increased price limits the use of such products. Choosing plastic constructions, it is necessary to check that they are made exclusively from polyvinyl chloride or light pressure polyethylene. If the system is designed for intensive work, even if only in peak mode, the plastic is not very well suited. With a large load, it can become covered with cracks. Horizontal drainage is recommended for shower enclosures in homes and on the street, for toilets. The greatest height reaches 30 cm.If the sewer ladder is selected in a bath or in a room with a warm floor, you need to use a system with enhanced heating. Almost always such products are characterized by increased productivity.

The role of the heating complex is diverse:

• participation in maintaining comfort;
• prevention of hypothermia overflow system;
• prevention of mechanical destruction of pipes by ice;
• no condensation.

In everyday life, ladders with a diameter of up to 10 cm are most often used, but at industrial facilities, in organizations and institutions even 25 cm will not always be the limit. Steel and aluminum drains with a cross-section of up to 5 cm most often pass 1 liter of water per second. But when the outlet is 10 cm, the allowable pressure increases to 2 liters. In this case, the drain is supposed to be strengthened, since the subsequent ditch is of the pressure type.

Nickel-plated polypropylene or stainless ladders are characterized by increased throughput compared to cast iron analogues. Such systems are used in public buildings. If they are used in a private house or apartment, then only with 4 or more residents.The only exception to this rule is housing, which contains 2 or more pets. Before installation of a sewer ladder it is required to make a drawing of the entire discharge complex.

It is worth just acquiring the ladder to try to assemble and see if it is airtight.. In the event of claims at first much more likely to return the goods to the store. If it is very important to lay tiles, and not use more flexible trim options, the drain should be selected with a square or rectangular hole. This will simplify the work and spend less expensive finishing material. Another important nuance when arranging a sewage system in an apartment is whether the floors can resist the load created.

The subtleties of choosing a ladder for the shower are described in the video below.